What role do dendritic cells play in the gut?

Dendritic cells (DCs) mediate tolerance to food antigens, limit reactivity to the gut microbiota and are required for optimal response to intestinal pathogens.

Where are Microfold cells found?

small intestine
Microfold (M) cells are located in the epithelium covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the Peyer’s patches (PPs) of the small intestine. M cells actively transport luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid follicles to initiate an immune response.

What are intestinal macrophages?

Intestinal macrophages exert their functions in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis by shaping host-microbiota symbiosis, managing gut inflammation, crosstalking with T cells, and facilitating wound repair.

Where are plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

peripheral lymphoid organs
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a rare type of immune cell that are known to secrete large quantities of type 1 interferon (IFNs) in response to a viral infection. They circulate in the blood and are found in peripheral lymphoid organs.

How do dendritic cells in the gut sample antigens present in the gut lumen?

Sampling of antigen by intestinal DCs Third, DCs can sample antigen directly from the intestinal lumen by forming tight-junction-like structures with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) 19. This allows for the projection of dendrites through the epithelial-cell layer and into the lumen.

What is the lamina propria?

The lamina propria is composed of noncellular connective tissue elements, i.e., collagen and elastin, blood and lymphatic vessels, and myofibroblasts supporting villi. However, the main characteristic of the lamina propria is to contain numerous immunologically competent cells as well as nerve endings.

What do microfold cells do?

Microfold (M) cells are located in the epithelium covering mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the Peyer’s patches (PPs) of the small intestine. M cells actively transport luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid follicles to initiate an immune response.

What is the role of your macrophage in gut lamina propria?

Located strategically in the subepithelial lamina propria in close proximity to huge numbers of lumenal bacteria and antigenic stimuli, gut macrophages regulate inflammatory responses to bacteria and antigens that breach the epithelium, protect the mucosa against harmful pathogens, and scavenge dead cells and foreign …

What activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are activated indirectly or directly by immune complexes and secrete high amounts of type I interferon in a TLR7 and/or 9-dependent mechanism.

What is the major trigger for development of plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

Although macrophages and some dendritic cells (DCs) reside in the arterial wall, increased influx of extravasated monocytes is thought to be the major trigger of inducing the inflammatory response in affected intima media (Ley et al., 2011).

Where does antigen sampling occur?

In the intestine specialized antigen-sampling IEC known as M cells (or microfold cells) reside within the follicle-associated epithelia (FAE) covering the GALT.