How do B lymphocytes differentiate?

B cell differentiation is tightly controlled by a transcription regulation network. It involves the coordination of several transcription factors to promote the expression of antibody-secretion and plasma cell-related genes, and downregulate the B cell identity genes.

How are hematopoietic stem cells differentiation?

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into all blood lineage cells. The fate decisions of HSCs (self-renewal versus differentiation) are made through the process of cell division and are often compared to “birth” and “death”.

Do B cells come from hematopoietic stem cells?

The generation of B lymphocytes from hematopoietic progenitors requires lineage-specific transcription factors that progressively direct cell fate choices. Differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells to lymphoid progenitors requires Ikaros-dependent lineage priming and graded levels of PU.

What causes differentiation of B cells?

The antigen-dependent phase of B cell development occurs following B cell activation by antigen binding and co-stimulation. These signals promote B cell differentiation into either memory B cells or terminal, antibody-secreting plasma cells.

How differentiated B cells are called?

When a naïve or memory B cell is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell, known as a plasmablast or plasma cell. Additionally, B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.

How B cells are activated and differentiated?

Cognate B cell / T cell interaction provides co-stimulation to B cells via CD40, which becomes activated on B cells via CD40 ligand (CD40L) expressed on T cells. T cells also provide cytokines to B cells that support their survival (IL-4), differentiation into plasma cells (IL-21) or class switch recombination.

What is hematopoietic differentiation?

Hematopoiesis is a complex process through which hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generate all the cell types found in the blood. This originates during the early stages of embryonic development and continues in the bone marrow (BM) throughout adulthood to preserve homeostasis in the blood system [1, 2].

How do B cells differ from stem cells?

B lymphocytes differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells through a series of distinct stages. Early B cell development proceeds in bone marrow until immature B cells migrate out to secondary lymphoid tissues, such as a spleen and lymph nodes, after completion of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain rearrangement.

Where do B cells originate from?

Both B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow but only B lymphocytes mature there; T lymphocytes migrate to the thymus to undergo their maturation. Thus B lymphocytes are so-called because they are bone marrow derived, and T lymphocytes because they are thymus derived.

How do B cells differentiate into plasma cells?

B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modeled after the receptors of the precursor B cell. Once released into the blood and lymph, these antibody molecules bind to the target antigen (foreign substance) and initiate its neutralization or destruction.

What do B cells differentiate into after activation?

Upon activation, B cells proliferate and form germinal centers where they differentiate into memory B cells or plasma cells. Following differentiation into plasma cells, additional signals initiate plasma cell antibody class switching and regulate antibody secretion.