What does protein kinase D do?

PKD regulates cell shape and motility in part by controlling actin dynamics, and in support of a role for PKD in cytoskeletal remodeling, we found that PKD inhibition prevented RSV-induced phosphorylation of the actin-binding protein cortactin [45].

How is DAG PKC activated?

The DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates glycogen synthase either directly or through other protein kinases to render it inactive. Protein kinase C may also inhibit the insulin receptor by phosphorylation of receptor serine residues.

Does PKA activate PKD?

Co-transfection of PKD with constitutively activated mutants of PKCs showed that PKCepsilon and eta but not PKCzeta strongly induced PKD activation in COS-7 cells. Thus, our results indicate that PKD is activated in living cells through a PKC-dependent signal transduction pathway.

What is PKA signaling?

Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, in “classic” endocrine cell functioning, is known to mediate cAMP effects, generated through adenylate cyclase as a response to the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Does PKC cause vasoconstriction?

Increased PKC expression and activity could also enhance vasoconstriction and increase vascular resistance and BP (Figure 3).

How is PKC regulated?

PKC, originally identified as the target of the tumor promoter phorbol ester, is a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase regulated by the direct binding of DAG and calcium, two second messengers produced by the activation of PLC.

What activates PKC?

PKC enzymes in turn are activated by signals such as increases in the concentration of diacylglycerol (DAG) or calcium ions (Ca2+). Hence PKC enzymes play important roles in several signal transduction cascades.

What is the role of protein kinase in a signal transduction pathway?

Protein kinases are an important class of intracellular enzymes that play a crucial role in most signal transduction cascades, from controlling cell growth and proliferation to the initiation and regulation of immunological responses.

How does PKC cause muscle contraction?

PKC may also phosphorylate the actin-binding protein calponin, and thereby reverses its inhibition of actin-activated myosin ATPase, allows more actin to interact with myosin, and increases VSM contraction (Figure 1.1) [2].