What type of fermentation is citric acid fermentation?
What type of fermentation is citric acid fermentation?
Abstracts. Citric acid is the most important organic acid produced in tonnage and is extensively used in food and pharmaceutical industries. It is produced mainly by submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger or Candida sp. from different sources of carbohydrates, such as molasses and starch based media.
How is citric acid fermented?
Citric acid is exclusively produced by fermentation with filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. The industrial production is performed using carbohydrates or agro-industrial residues as substrates by three different type processes: submerged, surface, and solid fermentations.
What are the different techniques of citric acid production?
Citric acid production techniques The industrial citric acid production can be carried in three different ways: Surface fermentation. Submerged fermentation. Solid-state fermentation.
How do you extract citric acid from orange peels?
Orange Peels Citric Acid. The orange peel’s powder of each 2 g, was mixed with 75 ml of water and 25 ml methanol. Then, it was stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes with 7th speed, and it was kept in a volumetric flask. Next, the distillation phase for extracting orange peel citric acid was performed.
What is surface fermentation?
Fermentation can be surface culture or static and submerged. Type # 6. Surface Fermentations: Surface fermentations are those where the substratum may be solid or liquid. The organism grows on the substratum and draws the nutrients from the substratum.
Which of the microbes is used for production of citric acid?
fungus Aspergillus niger
Although citric acid is produced by different types of microorganism, the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is a workhorse for the production of citric acid.
How do you distill orange peel?
The peel of oranges is boiled in water and the oil produced (limonene) distilled in steam at a temperature just below 100 °C, well below its normal boiling point. The immiscible oil can then be separated.
