What is Waterston classification?

Abstract. Since 1962, the Waterston classification has been used to stratify neonates who have esophageal atresia (EA) and/or tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) into prognostic categories based on birth weight, the presence of pneumonia, and the identification of other congenital anomalies.

What is Type C TEF?

TYPE C. The upper segment of the esophagus ends in a blind pouch and the lower segment is connected to the trachea via a TEF. This is the most common type of EA/TEF occurring in approximately 85 percent of individuals.

How do you evaluate a TEF?

Specific methods used to diagnose EA/TEF after birth include a chest x-ray showing an NG tube coiled in the esophagus, an x-ray test of the esophagus called an esophagram, and a bronchoscopy which is a procedure a doctor performs using a telescope and camera to examine the inside of the baby’s windpipe (trachea).

What is the most common type of esophageal atresia?

Type C is the most common type. In this type the upper part of the esophagus has a closed end and the lower part of the esophagus is attached to the trachea, as is shown in the drawing. Type D is the rarest and most severe.

What is tracheoesophageal fistula?

A tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is an abnormal connection between these two tubes. As a result, swallowed liquids or food can be aspirated (inhaled) into your child’s lungs. Feeding into the stomach directly can also lead to reflux and aspiration of stomach acid and food.

What is EA and TEF?

Esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) are rare conditions that develop before birth. They often occur together and affect the development of the esophagus, trachea or both. These conditions can be life-threatening and must be treated shortly after birth.

What are the 5 types of tracheoesophageal fistula?

Type A = pure esophageal atresia; type B = esophageal atresia with proximal tracheoesophageal fistula; type C = esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula; type D = esophageal atresia with proximal and distal tracheoesophageal fistula; type E = H-type tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia.

What is the most common type of TEF?

The most common type is the type C fistula which accounts for 84% of TE fistulas. The type C fistula includes proximal esophageal atresia with distal fistula formation. Polyhydramnios on fetal ultrasound is a common presentation of this type of fistula due to the inability of the fetus to swallow amniotic fluid.

What is TEF and EA?

Who is at risk for esophageal atresia?

Who is risk for TE fistula or esophageal atresia? Having the following issues can raise your baby’s risk for these conditions: Trisomy 13, 18, or 21. Other digestive tract problems, such as diaphragmatic hernia, duodenal atresia, or imperforate anus.

What are risk factors of TEF?

Who is risk for TE fistula or esophageal atresia?

  • Trisomy 13, 18, or 21.
  • Other digestive tract problems, such as diaphragmatic hernia, duodenal atresia, or imperforate anus.
  • Heart problems, such as ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, or patent ductus arteriosus.

What is TEF in medical?

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is an abnormal connection between the upper part of the esophagus and the trachea or windpipe.