What is VDR calcium?

Abstract. The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) play key roles in calcium homeostasis. The CaR regulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to changes in extracellular calcium, whereas the VDR mediates the effects of calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D.

What is VDR expression?

VDR is expressed in most tissues of the body, and regulates transcription of genes involved in intestinal and renal transport of calcium and other minerals. Glucocorticoids decrease VDR expression. Many types of immune cells also express VDR.

What type of signaling does vitamin D3 use?

1α,25(OH)2D3 exerts its effect with the help of high-affinity VDR through a series of cell-signaling reactions or as a ligand-activated transcription factor [66,67]. The mode of action may be genomic or non-genomic and can be executed using nVDR or mVDR, respectively [68,69].

Where is VDR located?

human skeletal muscle cells
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been found in human skeletal muscle cells, where it affects muscle cell metabolism by binding to vitamin D metabolites. The VDR is involved in sustaining normocalcemia by inhibiting the production of parathyroid hormone and has effects on bone and skeletal muscle biology.

What is the recommended daily intake of vitamin D?

Taking a multivitamin with vitamin D may help improve bone health. The recommended daily amount of vitamin D is 400 international units (IU) for children up to age 12 months, 600 IU for people ages 1 to 70 years, and 800 IU for people over 70 years.

How does VDR effect gene expression?

VDRs have direct effects on the epigenome and expression of over 1,000 genes37. This gene and its ligands antagonize proinflammatory transcription factors, such as NF-AT, AP-1, and NF-κB in T cells, which results in decreased expression of cytokines such as IL2 and IL1238.

Where is VDR?

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been found in human skeletal muscle cells, where it affects muscle cell metabolism by binding to vitamin D metabolites.

What is a VDR agonist?

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists are well known for their capacity to control calcium and bone metabolism and to regulate growth and differentiation of many cell types. More recently, it has become clear that VDR agonists possess immunoregulatory properties and, in particular, pronounced protolerogenic activities.

How does vitamin D influence VDR expression?

The findings showed that serum vitamin D concentration increased by 65% and VDR gene expression sixty times (p = 0.001). Changes in body composition parameters were observed regarding body fat and lean mass.

What is VDR on ship?

Passenger ships and ships other than passenger ships of 3000 gross tonnage and upwards constructed on or after 1 July 2002 must carry voyage data recorders (VDRs) to assist in accident investigations, under regulations adopted in 2000, which entered into force on 1 July 2002.

Which vitamin is antagonist of vitamin D?

6-Fluoro-vitamin D3: a new antagonist of the biological actions of vitamin D3 and its metabolites which interacts with the intestinal receptor for 1 alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3.