What is urbanization gradient?

The term ‘urbanization gradient’ refers to the spatial variation of envi- ronmental factors in relation to the intensity of urbanization, from natural landscapes to the most heavily urbanized areas (McDonnell & Hahs, 2008).

What is Urbanisation in ecosystem?

Urbanization – the process of converting undeveloped land into cities and towns – has been described as “one of the most ecologically destructive forms of global change”. However, urban areas are also the world’s fastest growing category of environment.

How do you quantify urbanization?

Some of the ways for measuring urbanization are as follows: It includes Population growth, Rural-urban migration, Push and pull factors, Push factors, Pull factors.

How ecological processes are altered in an urban environment?

Processes related to urban areas result in the emission of numerous pollutants, which change corresponding nutrient cycles of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and other elements. Ecosystems in and around the urban center are especially influenced by these point sources of pollution.

What ecosystems are affected by urbanization?

Urbanization often results in deforestation, habitat loss, and the extraction of freshwater from the environment, which can decrease biodiversity and alter species ranges and interactions.

What are the factors of urbanization?

Causes of Urbanization:

  • i. Industrialization:
  • ii. Social factors:
  • iii. Employment opportunities:
  • iv. Modernization:
  • Rural urban transformation:
  • Spread of education:
  • Positive effect:

What are ecosystem processes?

Ecosystem processes are the physical, chemical, and biological processes that link organisms and their environment. These may include biogeochemical/nutrient cycling, energy flow, and food web dynamics.

What are some ecological processes present in the urban community?

Decentralization :flight of people and activities from the centre of the city. Invasion :entrance of new kind of people or activity into an area. Segregation: concentration of a certain type of people or activities within a particular area. Succession :completed replacement of one kind of people or activity by another.

What types of environmental problems do the rural and urban poor share?

Rural areas face more environmental degradation in terms of the forest land and the water because they have easier access to the forest and also they usually wash their clothes at the river. The urban areas face serious conditions of air pollutants than that of water and land.

What is urban and rural development?

Rural and urban development are complementary. Strengthening linkages between urban centres and rural areas is necessary to ensure that the two remain mutually reinforcing. Towns and cities provide markets for rural products and jobs to absorb surplus rural labour.

What do the rural and urban population consist of?

According to the United States Census Bureau, an urban area is a city with a population size of more than 2,500 people, and a rural area has a population of less than 2,500 people. This definition can be tricky because it does not include information about the size of the area or the density of the population.