What is the function of fluorophores?

Fluorophores (or fluorochromes) are commonly used in conjugation with antibodies as detection reagents in applications such as flow cytometry. Fluorophores can absorb and emit light within a range of wavelengths, normally referred to as the absorbance (excitation) and emission spectra.

Are fluorophores toxic?

Fluorophores are potentially useful for in vivo cancer diagnosis. Using relatively inexpensive and portable equipment, optical imaging with fluorophores permits real-time detection of cancer. However, fluorophores can be toxic and must be investigated before they can be administered safely to patients.

Why do fluorophores glow?

After an electron absorbs a high-energy photon the system is excited electronically and vibrationally. The system relaxes vibrationally, and eventually fluoresces at a longer wavelength.

What is one of the most popular fluorophores used by biologists?

Fluorescein, via its amine-reactive isothiocyanate derivative fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), has been one of the most popular fluorophores. From antibody labeling, the applications have spread to nucleic acids thanks to carboxyfluorescein (FAM), TET.).

What are examples of fluorophores?

Fluorophores can be broadly categorized as organic dyes (e.g., fluorescein, rhodamine, AMCA), biological fluorophores (e.g., green fluorescent protein, phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin) and quantum dots.

How do you stop phototoxicity?

Reduced peak light intensities and compensating with increased illumination time can lower photodamage. D: Pulsed illumination. Light pulses in the μs-range instead of constant illumination with the same overall light dose can reduce phototoxicity in live imaging.

What is fluorescein dye made from?

Fluorescein sodium, or sodium fluorescein, is also known as uranine, resorcinolphthalein, or D&C Yellow #8, and is a dye made principally from two petroleum products called resorcinol and phthalic anhydride.)

Are dyes fluorophores?

Overview. Fluorescent dyes (also known as fluorophores/reactive dyes) may simply be described as molecules (non-protein in nature) that, in microscopy, achieve their function by absorbing light at a given wavelength and re-emitting it at a longer wavelength.

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