What is a P2X3 receptor?

P2X3 receptors are adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-activated ion channels expressed on peripheral sensory neurons and are well-recognized players in the generation of pathological pain1,2. Studies have shown a reduced pain response in P2X3 receptor knockout mice3,4,5.

Where are P2X3 receptors located?

P2X3 receptors are present within lipid rafts in trigeminal sensory neurons and in dorsal root ganglion, where they play a key role in sensory transmission (Gnanasekaran et al., 2011; Vacca et al., 2004).

What is P2X3 antagonist?

P2X3 antagonists are oral tablets being developed to treat: Refractory chronic cough that persists despite appropriate treatment. Unexplained chronic cough whose underlying cause cannot be pinpointed despite evaluations.

What is a P2X3 receptor antagonist?

What is a Purinome?

It is composed of: (1) intracellular purine nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleobases involved in fundamental biological processes such as cell duplication, chemical energy supply, intracellular signaling, and protein metabolism regulation (Frenguelli and Dale, 2020);

How do P2X3 receptor antagonists work?

P2X3 antagonists prevent cough by binding to P2X3 receptors and preventing ATP from stimulating them. Studies suggest that P2X3 reduces the severity and frequency of cough in adult patients with chronic cough, and improves their quality of life.

How do you treat a refractory cough?

If chronic cough persists even after treatment of the underlying disease, or if the chronic cough is not attributable to any cause, then a symptomatic approach with neuromodulators may be considered, with gabapentin as the first choice, and opioids or macrolides as alternatives.

What do purinergic receptors do?

Ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y purinergic receptors are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), participate in the synaptic processes, and mediate intercellular communications between neuron and gila and between glia and other glia.

What is purinergic transmission?

Purinergic signalling (or signaling: see American and British English differences) is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP. It involves the activation of purinergic receptors in the cell and/or in nearby cells, thereby regulating cellular functions.

Does gabapentin stop coughing?

The results of prospective case-series showed that the rate of overall improvement of cough and sensory neuropathy with gabapentin was 68%. Gabapentin treatment of patients with chronic cough showed superior efficacy and a good safety record compared with placebo or standard medications.

What is the best medication for chronic cough?

Possible options include: Non-prescription cough medicines that contain dextromethorphan (Delsym) may help suppress the cough reflex. Benzonatate (Tessalon) is a prescription medication that may be recommended if dextromethorphan is not helpful.

What is the purinergic system?

Definition. The purinergic system is a signalling system, where the purine nucleotides, ATP (Adenosine 5′-triphosphate) and ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), and the nucleoside, adenosine, act as extracellular messengers.