What is a JNK inhibitor?

Blocking the JNK pathway inhibits the proliferation of murine and human B-lymphoma cells. JNK inhibition downregulates the early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) protein and Egr-1 overexpression partially rescues lymphoma cell apoptosis15. JNK may act via Egr-1, which is important for B-lymphoma survival and growth.

What is the JNK gene?

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are a family of protein kinases that play a central role in stress signaling pathways implicated in gene expression, neuronal plasticity, regeneration, cell death, and regulation of cellular senescence.

What is JNK3?

JNK3 activation is a pro-apoptotic pathway in hippocampal neurons. Consistent with a role for JNK3 in excitotoxic neuronal cell death. The role of JNK3 in excitotoxicity suggested that JNK/ SAPK pathways would be involved in other neuronal death responses and neurodegenerative diseases.

What is Anisomycin used for?

Anisomycin has been widely used as an inhibitor of protein synthesis in studies on learning and memory as well as synaptic plasticity. However, its mode of action is complicated. Besides the inhibition of translation, this drug displays other effects, most prominently on mitogen-activated protein kinases.

What activates CJUN?

Activation occurs through a dual phosphorylation of threonine (Thr) and tyrosine (Tyr) residues within a Thr-Pro-Tyr motif located in kinase subdomain VIII. Activation is carried out by two MAP kinase kinases, MKK4 and MKK7, and JNK can be inactivated by Ser/Thr and Tyr protein phosphatases.

How many MAPK pathways are there?

three
There are three well-known MAPK pathways in mammalian cells (Figure 1): the ERK1/2, the c-JUN N-terminal kinase 1, 2 and 3 (JNK1/2/3), and the p38 MAPK α, β, δ, and γ pathways.

What is the purpose of the MAPK pathway?

MAPK pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from a diverse range of stimuli and elicit an appropriate physiological response including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, inflammatory responses and apoptosis in mammalian cells.

Where is JNK located?

The jnk1 and jnk2 are widely expressed, whereas expression of jnk3 is mainly confined to brain, heart and testis. JNK pathway is generally a “death” signaling pathway. It control the cell response to the harmful extracellular stimulus such as inflammatory cytokines, UV-irradiation gamma-irradiation etc..

How does Anisomycin inhibit protein synthesis?

Anisomycin is mainly known as a potent and reversible inhibitor of protein synthesis in eukaryotic organisms that acts by binding and inhibiting peptidyl transferase activity of 60S ribosomal subunit.

What is the effect of Anisomycin on early and late LTP?

Statistically, significant effects of anisomycin were observed 6 h after LTP induction for 100 Hz tetanus and 8 h after LTP induction for 400 Hz tetanus. These results suggest that the early phase of LTP is independent of protein synthesis, while the late phase of potentiation (> 3-5 h) depends on protein synthesis.

How is c-Jun regulated?

Therefore, regulation of c-jun activity can be achieved through N-terminal phosphorylation by the Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). It is shown that Jun’s activity (AP-1 activity) in stress-induced apoptosis and cellular proliferation is regulated by its N-terminal phosphorylation.