What diseases are caused by biofilms?

Host tissue related biofilm infections are often chronic, including chronic lung infections of cystic fibrosis patients, chronic osteomyelitis, chronic prostatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic otitis media, chronic wounds, recurrent urinary tract infection, endocarditis, periodontitis and dental caries [21].

What are the virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?

The virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus include antigens, enzymes and toxins like:

  • Antigens:
  • Capsule.
  • Adhesins.
  • Enzymes:
  • Coagulase.
  • Lipase.
  • Hyaluronidase.
  • Staphylokinase.

What bacteria causes biofilm?

Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can form biofilms on medical devices, but the most common forms are Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus viridans, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [7].

What are some examples of biofilm?

Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi and protists. One common example of a biofilm dental plaque, a slimy buildup of bacteria that forms on the surfaces of teeth. Pond scum is another example. Biofilms have been found growing on minerals and metals.

Is Staphylococcus gram-positive or negative?

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive cocci in clusters. S. aureus can cause inflammatory diseases, including skin infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and abscesses.

What does E coli cause?

Although most strains of E. coli are harmless, others can make you sick. Some kinds of E. coli can cause diarrhea, while others cause urinary tract infections, respiratory illness and pneumonia, and other illnesses.

How do intracellular bacteria cause disease?

Several of these intracellular pathogens manage to evade the host immune monitoring and cause disease by replicating inside the host cells. These pathogens have evolved diverse immune escape strategies and overcome immune responses by residing and multiplying inside host immune cells, primarily macrophages.

Which parasites are intracellular?

Obligate intracellular parasites of humans include:

  • Viruses.
  • Certain bacteria, including: Chlamydia, and closely related species. Rickettsia.
  • Certain protozoa, including: Apicomplexans (Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum) Trypanosomatids (Leishmania spp.
  • Certain fungi. Pneumocystis jirovecii.

What toxin does Staphylococcus aureus produce?

Amongst the more common toxins secreted by S. aureus are hemolysin, leukotoxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, and toxic-shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1).

Why is Staphylococcus aureus so pathogenic?

[VRSA]). The success of S. aureus as a human pathogen, therefore, relies largely on its capacity to produce an array of virulence factors that can evade or subvert the host immune responses and its resistance to a wide range of antibiotics.