What causes traveling ionospheric disturbances?

The TID disturbance is driven by propagating acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) that perturb the ionospheric electron density. Based on their phase velocity and wave period, AGWs and classical TIDs are often classified into medium and large-scale waves.

Where does the ionosphere start and end?

The ionosphere is where Earth’s atmosphere meets space The ionosphere stretches roughly 50 to 400 miles above Earth’s surface, right at the edge of space. Along with the neutral upper atmosphere, the ionosphere forms the boundary between Earth’s lower atmosphere — where we live and breathe — and the vacuum of space.

What occurs in the D region of the ionosphere?

The D-region of the ionosphere, traditionally defined as the region of ionization below 100 km, is a link between the non-ionized stratosphere below and the dense plasma above. In it, minor neutral constituents play a dominant role and chemical reactions, both neutral and ionic, are dominant.

What is ionospheric propagation?

Ionospheric propagation is the main mode of radio propagation used in the MF and HF portions of the radio spectrum.

Where does the ionosphere start?

The ionosphere begins at a height of about 50 km (30 miles) above the surface, but it is most distinct and important above 80 km (50 miles).

How is the propagation of EM waves take place through ionosphere?

The reflections from the ionosphere are actually produced by refraction as the wave propagates through the ionosphere. The ionosphere is a concentrated region highly charged ions and electrons that collective form an ionized gas or plasma.

What is skip zone and skip distance?

The skip distance is the distance from the transmitter to the point where the sky wave first returns to Earth. The size of the skip distance depends on the critical angle. The skip zone is a zone of silence between the farthest extent of ground wave transmission and the point where the sky wave first returns to Earth.