What are the epaxial muscles in animals?
What are the epaxial muscles in animals?
The three main epaxial muscle systems are, from most medial to lateral, the transversospinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis systems (Evans, 1993; Fig. 1).
What do epaxial muscles do?
During walking, epaxial muscle activity is appropriate to produce lateral bending and resist long-axis torsion of the trunk and forces produced by extrinsic limb muscles. During trotting, they also stabilize the trunk in the sagittal plane against the inertia of the center of mass.
What is the location and function of the Epaxial and Hypaxial muscles?
In adult animals, trunk muscles can be broadly divided into hypaxial muscles, which lie ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae and epaxial muscles, which lie dorsal to the septum. Hypaxial muscles include some vertebral muscles, the diaphragm, the abdominal muscles, and all limb muscles.
What is the muscular system of amphibians?
In the living urodeles (newts and salamanders) of the class Amphibia, the axial muscles are most important for propulsion. The limbs of urodeles are quite weak and tend to be carried forward passively with the undulations of the body.
Where is the epaxial muscles?
spine
Epaxial muscles (epi = upon & axial = axis) are muscles located dorsally along the spine. They are innervated by dorsal branches of spinal nerves and function to extend the vertebral column. Generally, epaxial musculature consists of fascicles running from one vertebra to neighboring vertebrae.
What is the difference between hypaxial and epaxial muscles?
The epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves and comprise the intrinsic (deep) back muscles, while the hypaxial muscles are innervated by the ventral branches of the spinal nerves including the plexus and consist of a heterogeneous group of intercostal, abdominal, and limb as well as …
What are Branchiomeric muscles?
Branchiomeric muscles. The muscles derived from branchial arch mesoderm that provide a large portion of the musculature for the face and neck.
What is the Hypobranchial muscle?
The hypobranchial muscles of jawed fishes are straplike muscles running from the pectoral girdle to the structures of the visceral skeleton, the jaws, and the gill bars. Some muscles, such as the coracomandibularis, are specialized as jaw openers, although most of the work of jaw opening…
What are epaxial muscles dog?
The epaxial muscles of dogs, and indeed of all vertebrates, are the only muscles dorsal to the vertebral column and ribs, and therefore are the only muscles with the anatomical configuration necessary for extension of the back.
What is hypaxial Myotome?
The hypaxial myotome is located ventral to the notochord and is a source of cells that form the trunk and limb muscles.
What are mimetic muscles?
The facial muscles are a group of striated skeletal muscles supplied by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles. They are only found in mammals, although they derive from neural crest cells found in all vertebrates.
Where are the Epaxial muscles located?
