What are the byproducts of alcohol metabolism?

First, ADH metabolizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, a highly toxic substance and known carcinogen (1). Then, in a second step, acetaldehyde is further metabolized down to another, less active byproduct called acetate (1), which then is broken down into water and carbon dioxide for easy elimination (2).

What is a byproduct of alcohol oxidation?

The oxidation of alcohols is an important reaction in organic chemistry. Primary alcohols can be oxidized to form aldehydes and carboxylic acids; secondary alcohols can be oxidized to give ketones.

What are the end products of alcohol biotransformation?

In humans the end products of alcohol metabolism is acetaldehyde, both in liver and brain by the action of enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and cytochrome P450 2E1 respectively. Acetaldehyde is highly unstable, reactive, and cytotoxic, which can cause severe liver damage.

Is alcohol metabolized by CYP3A4?

Our initial results showed that methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol bind in the active site of CYP3A4 and exhibit type I spectra. Among these alcohol compounds, ethanol showed the lowest K(D) (5.9±0.34mM), suggesting its strong binding affinity with CYP3A4.

What are the main metabolites of alcohol metabolism?

Alcohol metabolism utilizes NAD+ when alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to acetaldehyde, and when acetaldehyde dehydrogenase further converts it to acetate. In both reactions, NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The NADH/NAD+ ratio influences gene expressions through several pathways.

What is one of the toxic byproducts of ethanol metabolism?

Metabolism of ethanol with ADH produces acetaldehyde, a highly reactive and toxic byproduct that may contribute to tissue damage and, possibly, the addictive process.

What products are formed when an alcohol undergoes dehydration?

Alcohols can be dehydrated to form either alkenes (higher temperature, excess acid) or ethers (lower temperature, excess alcohol). Primary alcohols are oxidized to form aldehydes.

What is obtained by oxidation of ethanol?

Ethanoic acid is obtained by the oxidation of ethanol.

Is ethanol a byproduct of fermentation?

Fermentation: Single-celled microorganisms called yeast are added to the slurry. Fermentation is the biochemical process that occurs when yeast break down glucose. Yeast gets energy from glucose. As a result, ethanol is produced.

Is alcohol a CYP450 inducer or inhibitor?

In addition to further metabolism by ADH in the liver, alcohol is also metabolized by CYP450 enzymes, mainly CYP2E1. Alcohol is a substrate of CYP2E1, and depending on the frequency of alcohol intake, it can also be either an inducer or inhibitor of CYP2E1.

How is alcohol digested metabolized and eliminated from the body?

Ethanol diffuses from the capillaries (with the concentration gradient) into the nearby hepatic cells (the major cells of the liver). In the hepatic (liver) cells, some of the ethanol is converted, or detoxified by enzymes to inactive products. This process is called metabolism, and the products are called metabolites.