What are stalked ciliates?

Stalked ciliates are a type of protozoa that can be branched or unbranched. Stalked ciliates are “inverted bell-shaped bodies mounted on a stalk which is attached to a substratum.” A key identification feature is the presence of cilia (minute hair-like projections) on the oral region of the organism.

What organisms are in activated sludge?

Activated sludge (AS) is composed of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, and protists. It is capable of degrading organic compounds, including petroleum products, toluene, and benzopyrene (Seviour and Nielsen, 2010).

What are free-swimming ciliates?

Free-swimming ciliates range in size from 40-100 micrometers. Rapid, rhythmic cilia movement propels them through the liquid. Some are completely covered with cilia while others have cilia in rows or spirals around the cell. Euplotes, Colpidium, and Paramecium are common examples of free-swimming ciliates.

Does cilia crawl or swim?

Ciliates are single-celled organisms that move using short hair-like structures called cilia. These structures allow them to crawl, swim and eat.

Do protozoa swim?

The three types of ciliated protozoa are free-swimming ciliates, crawling ciliates, and stalked ciliates. All of these have short hair-like structures or cilia that beat in unison to produce a water current for locomotion and capturing bacteria.

Which metazoan animals are found in activated sludge process?

The three most common metazoa found in the activated sludge treatment system are: Rotifers: Clarify effluent and are first affected by toxic loads. Nematodes: Feed on bacteria, fungi, small protozoa and other nematodes. Tardigrades (water bear): Survive environmental extremes and toxic sensitivity.

Which bacteria is commonly found in the anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment?

Solution : Anaerobic bacteria (Methano bacterium/Methanogenic bacteria).

Are cilia legs?

Cilia are the oldest known cellular organelle, first described in 1675 by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek in protozoa [1]. He described them as ‘incredibly thin feet, or little legs, which were moved very nimbly’.

How do cilia reproduce?

Ciliates reproduce asexually by division: the micronucleus undergoes mitosis, while in most ciliates the macronucleus simply pinches apart into two. This process is shown in the drawing above. However, ciliates also reproduce sexually, through a process known as conjugation.

What are the 4 types of protozoans?

Historically protozoa were divided into four major groups: the ameba, the flagellates, the ciliates, and the sporozoa.

What are the difference between protozoa and metazoa?

The main difference between protozoans and metazoans is that protozoans are unicellular, whereas metazoans are multicellular. Protozoans are animal-like protists and are believed to be primitive types of animals. There is no division of labour as the single cell performs all the biological functions in protozoans.