What are iridoid glycosides?

Iridoid glycosides (IG) are a class of monoterpenoids derived from geraniol that have a general form of cyclopentopyran but in some cases one of the rings is broken as in secologanin (Fig. 8). 15. Figure 8.

What plants contain iridoid glycosides?

Iridoids are prevalent in the plant subclass Asteridae, such as Ericaceae, Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Oleaceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Valerianaceae, and Menyanthaceae.

What spices have antibacterial properties?

Many spices—such as clove, oregano, thyme, cinnamon, and cumin—have been applied to treat infectious diseases or protect food because they were experimentally proved to possess antimicrobial activities against pathogenic and spoilage fungi and bacteria [10,13,14].

What phytochemicals are responsible for antimicrobial activity?

Phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroids have been known to be biologically active and thus partially responsible for the antimicrobial activities of plants, hence their use in traditional medicine [17]. These compounds have been identified in the genus Hydnora [17, 29, 30].

What is the example of bitter glycosides?

Examples include amygdalin and prunasin which are made by the bitter almond tree; other species that produce cyanogenic glycosides are sorghum (from which dhurrin, the first cyanogenic glycoside to be identified, was first isolated), barley, flax, white clover, and cassava, which produces linamarin and lotaustralin.

What herbs kills gram negative bacteria?

Syzygium is effective against numerous gram negative and gram-positive bacteria as both ethanol and water extraction.

Which phytochemicals are antioxidants?

Polyphenols and carotenoids are the two main kinds of antioxidant phytochemicals, and they contribute the most to the antioxidant properties of foods/plants.

Are phytochemicals antibacterial?

In recent years, many studies have shown that phytochemicals exert their antibacterial activity through different mechanisms of action, such as damage to the bacterial membrane and suppression of virulence factors, including inhibition of the activity of enzymes and toxins, and bacterial biofilm formation.

What are the examples of glycosides?

Examples of this large group of glycosides include:

  • Hesperidin (aglycone: hesperetin, glycone: rutinose)
  • Naringin (aglycone: naringenin, glycone: rutinose)
  • Rutin (aglycone: quercetin, glycone: rutinose)
  • Quercitrin (aglycone: quercetin, glycone: rhamnose)