How much tibial torsion is normal?

Normal tibial torsion was found to be 21.6 ± 7.6 (range 4.8 to 39.5) with none of the values in internal rotation.

What is the angle of tibial torsion?

The TFA is measured with the patient prone and the knees flexed to 90°, with the examiner looking at the feet from above. It is the angle between the line of axis of the thigh and the line along axis of foot. A normal TFA is 10-15° of external rotation.

What is normal mechanical axis of the lower limb?

The mechanical axis of the lower limb, also called the Mikulicz line, is drawn by connecting a point in the centre of the femoral head to a point in the centre of the ankle. This line’s physiological position runs, on average, 4 ± 2 mm medial to the centre of the knee.

What is Craig’s test?

Craig’s test is a passive test that is used to measure femoral anteversion or forward torsion of the femoral neck. It is also known as ‘Trochanteric Prominence Angle Test (TPAT)’. Femoral anteversion is the angle between the femoral neck and femoral shaft, indicating the degree of torsion of the femur.

When does tibial torsion disappear?

Internal Tibial Torsion Treatment This condition usually improves without treatment by about 4 years of age. Bracing, casting and physical therapy are not usually needed. A child’s growth is closely monitored to ensure the internal tibial torsion resolves on its own.

Can you fix tibial torsion?

Tibial torsion has a very good prognosis. Many cases correct themselves as the child grows. On rare occasions, tibial torsion can be severe and surgery may be required to straighten the shin bones. Surgery is typically considered after 10 years of age as the torsion is unlikely to change after this age.

What is normal tibiofemoral angle?

The anatomic tibiofemoral angle is valgus with an offset of 4–6° for healthy individuals. In patients with knee osteoarthritis, the anatomic mechanical femoral angle ranges from 1.5° to 7º, with a low to a high correlation between the two measurements.

How do you measure thigh foot angle?

The TFA between the axis of the foot and the axis of the thigh should be measured with the child lying prone, knees flexed to 90°, and ankle neutral.