How is oxidative damage detected?

Oxidative stress can be measured indirectly by measuring the levels of DNA/RNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation/nitration, rather than a direct measurement of reactive oxygen species. These oxidative stress markers are more enduring than reactive oxygen species.

How is ROS damage measured?

2.1. One way to estimate the cellular levels of ROS is through the use of fluorogenic probes [33–41]. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH−), and peroxyl radicals (ROO−) can be measured following staining with 5-(and -6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA).

What are markers of oxidative stress?

Many markers of oxidative stress have been proposed, including lipid hydro- peroxides, 4-hydroxynonenal, isoprostan, 8-hydroxyguanine, and ubiquinol-10.

Are reactive oxygen species good or bad?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause damage to the basic building blocks of the cell including DNA, protein and lipids. (A) DNA damage can occur in the form of double stranded breaks as a result of ROS-induced conversion of guanine to 8-oxoguanine.

How does ROS cause damage?

ROS damage DNA through strand breaks and base oxidation that, if unrepaired, induces apoptosis or oncosis. Protein oxidation and nitration damage antioxidant enzymes, surfactant proteins, and anti-inflammatory pathways that can further propagate maladaptive inflammation.

What diseases are caused by oxidative stress?

Oxidative stress may play a role in the development of a range of conditions, including:

  • cancer.
  • Alzheimer’s disease.
  • Parkinson’s disease.
  • diabetes.
  • cardiovascular conditions such as high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and stroke.
  • inflammatory disorders.
  • chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • asthma.

What vitamins are good for oxidative stress?

Vitamin E (i.e., α-tocopherol) and Vitamin C (i.e., ascorbic acid) are antioxidants that are thought to have a protective effect by either reducing or preventing oxidative damage.