How does DNA damage activate ATM?

The ATM activated by DNA ends (red) phosphorylates substrates such as Chk2 and p53, and the H2AX in flanking nucleosomes. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) is recognized by Mdc1, which triggers a feed-forward loop that spreads activated ATM and γH2AX over large chromatin domains.

In which pathways DNA is damage?

At least five major DNA repair pathways—base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)—are active throughout different stages of the cell cycle, allowing the cells to repair the DNA damage.

What does ATM do in cell cycle?

ATM serine/threonine kinase, symbol ATM, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks. It phosphorylates several key proteins that initiate activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis.

What is ATM signal?

Detection of DNA damage and transduction of this signal to downstream effectors is required for the maintenance of genomic integrity and suppression of cancer in humans. ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated) is a kinase that is essential in coordinating the cellular response to DNA damage.

What is ATM DNA repair?

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a core component of the DNA repair system, is activated to enhance the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway upon DNA double-strand breaks.

What are three ways that DNA gets damaged?

DNA bases can be damaged by: (1) oxidative processes, (2) alkylation of bases, (3) base loss caused by the hydrolysis of bases, (4) bulky adduct formation, (5) DNA crosslinking, and (6) DNA strand breaks, including single and double stranded breaks. An overview of these types of damage are described below.

What does ATM gene stand for?

The gene associated with A-T is ATM, meaning ataxia telangiectasia mutated. Mutations, also called disruptive changes or alterations, in the ATM gene cause A-T.

Is ATM a tumor suppressor?

Although ATM is rightly considered to be a tumour suppressor, ATM signalling can also be advantageous to cancer cells, particularly in resistance to radio- and chemotherapeutic treatment.

Which two pathways can ATM activate?

Cellular responses to DNA damage are coordinated primarily by two distinct kinase signaling cascades, the ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 pathways, which are activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and single-stranded DNA respectively.

Where is ATM network used?

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) can be used as the underlying technology for Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), and other high-speed networks. Plus, ATM can run on any media including coax, twisted-pair, or fiber-optic.