How does a MitoTracker work?

MitoTracker probes passively diffuse across the plasma membrane and then accumulate in active mitochondria in a potential-dependent manner. Subsequently, it covalently binds the thiol groups of the cysteine residues of mitochondrial proteins (Chazotte, 2011).

What is the difference between TMRE and TMRM?

TMRM (tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester) or the related TMRE (tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester) is extensively used for labeling and measuring the membrane potential (and the function) of mitochondria in living cells.

What is TMRM staining?

Functional Mitochondrial Staining Protocol Tetramethylrhodamine, methyl ester (TMRM) is a cell-permeant dye that accumulates in active mitochondria with intact membrane potentials. If the cells are healthy and have functioning mitochondria, the signal will be bright.

How does Ros cause mitochondrial damage?

Chronic ROS exposure can result in oxidative damage to mitochondrial and cellular proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, and acute ROS exposure can inactivate the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) centers of electron-transport chain complexes I, II, and III, and tricarboxylic acid cycle aconitase, resulting in shut-down of …

How does MitoTracker label mitochondria?

To label mitochondria, cells are simply incubated in submicromolar concentrations of the MitoTracker probe, which passively diffuses across the plasma membrane and accumulates in active mitochondria.

Is MitoTracker deep red dependent on membrane potential?

Generally, it gives Red fluorescence, but in case of mitochondrial membrane potential change, the dye gives green fluorescence. As far as I know, Mitotracker Red and JC-1 are the same class of dyes and the fluorescence of MitoTracker Red is mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent.

Is TMRM toxic?

High Concentrations of TMRM Induced Neuronal Apoptosis. One obvious interpretation of the results in the previous section is that the spontaneous increase in fluorescence was a toxic response due to prolonged exposure of TMRM at high concentrations.

What is mitochondrial hyperpolarization?

Mitochondrial hyperpolarization (MHP), an early event of T-cell activation and death, appears to be mediated through inhibition of F0F1-ATPase or dephosphorylation of cytochrome c oxidase [44].

Can you fix TMRM?

TMRM has the following properties: Can be used for the live cell dynamic study of mitochondrial membrane potential, which is not fixable.