How does a Clevenger apparatus work?

In the Clevenger apparatus, sample mixed water is boiled to evaporate volatile components while in the steam distillation approach, steam is passed through a bed of the sample. In both approaches, two layers (aqueous and oil-rich) are obtained and oil can be further separated via separating funnels.

What is the Clevenger apparatus?

The Clevenger apparatus has three main parts- a round bottom flask in which the organic material is placed, a separator for automatically separating the distilled solution and a condenser. The apparatus is available in varied sizes to facilitate organic material.

Why do we use Clevenger apparatus?

The Clevenger’s apparatus is specifically used for the extraction of volatile oils. Rather it is one of the best methods to isolate volatile oils from the plant parts. All volatile compounds irrespective of their chemical class should volatilize and finally condense out in the receiver.

What is the principle of Hydrodistillation?

The principal historical method for isolating essential oils was hydrodistillation, in which the plant material is boiled in water. A modern variation of this, in which steam is passed through the plant material, is now preferred for most essential oils.

Which apparatus is used for extraction of essential oil?

Hydrodistillation apparatus used for the extraction of essential oils.

What is the principle of Soxhlet extraction?

Principle of Soxhlet Extraction Soxhlet extractor extracts the components using the condensed vapors of the solvent. The condensed vapors come in contact with the sample powder and the soluble part in the powder gets mixed with the solvent.

What is Hydro diffusion?

Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity. This physical phenomenon, known as hydrodiffusion, allows the extract (water and essential oil), diffused outside the plant material, to drop by earth gravity out of the microwave reactor and fall through the perforated Pyrex disc.

How does steam distillation work?

The principle behind the steam distillation process is that when the heating of a mixture of two or more immiscible liquids takes place, the vapour pressure exerted by the system increases. This is because it now becomes the sum of the vapour pressures of all of the components of the mixture combined together.

Which apparatus is used for counter current extraction?

A method of multiple liquid-liquid extractions is countercurrent extraction, which permits the separation of substances with different distribution coefficients (ratios). A clever design known as Craig apparatus is used for this purpose (Lyman C.