Do dendritic cells need to be activated?

Abstract. Innate recognition of infection in vertebrates can lead to the induction of adaptive immune responses through activation of dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are activated directly by conserved pathogen molecules and indirectly by inflammatory mediators produced by other cell types that recognise such molecules.

What causes dendritic cells to mature?

A variety of factors can induce maturation following antigen uptake and processing within DCs, including: whole bacteria or bacterial-derived antigens (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, LPS), inflammatory cytokines, ligation of select cell surface receptors (e.g. CD40) and viral products (e.g. double-stranded RNA).

Can dendritic cells become infected?

It has been described that DCs are susceptible to be infected by hMPV and, depending on the strain and the host, the replication in these cells can be productive or abortive in an in vitro model of human cDCs (228) or mouse bone-marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) (229), respectively.

What signals activate dendritic cells?

Dendritic cells (DCs) are responsible for initiating a subsequent phase of immunity, dominated by the action of pathogen-specific T and B cells. As for the early pro-inflammatory response, DC activation is triggered by PRR signals.

How long do dendritic cells live?

2 weeks
These DCs showed 47% labeling at 10 days and 55% ± 2% labeling at 14 days, values similar to those for equivalent DC subsets in the pooled cutaneous LN. Accordingly, it appears the lifespan of the potentially migratory Langerhans cells in the epidermis itself is long but variable and can last much longer than 2 weeks.

What signals dendritic cells?

The dendritic cell response to danger. (A) Exogenous danger signals include pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as exogenous particulate matter. Exogenous danger signals activate DCs directly via pattern recognition receptors, or indirectly though tissue damage (B) and homeostatic perturbations (C).

What happens when dendritic cells mature?

Mature DCs express increased levels of fascin-1, an actin-bundling protein, that enhances their migration, and they tend to move toward lymph nodes using active movement of dendrites at a higher speed than the immature cells.

What viruses infect dendritic cells?

Dendritic cells (DCs) act as a portal for virus invasion and as the most potent antigen-presenting cells in antiviral host defense. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 has served as the paradigm for virus interaction with DCs.

What are the three signals for T cell activation?

Primary T cell activation involves the integration of three distinct signals delivered in sequence: (1) anti- gen recognition, (2) costimulation, and (3) cytokine- mediated differentiation and expansion.