What are Auger emitters?

Auger electron emitters are considered to be a promising strategy for targeted radionuclide therapy of metastatic diseases, given their high linear energy transfer (LET) and short range in tissue which could potentially limit normal tissue toxicity.

What phenomena occur in Auger spectroscopy?

The Auger effect or Auger−Meitner effect is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an inner-shell vacancy of an atom is accompanied by the emission of an electron from the same atom.

What is the difference between Auger electron and secondary electron?

The differences in information depths for the different emitted electrons and X-ray photons are: Auger electrons are from the top atomic layers (a few nanometres in analysis depth); Secondary electrons have slightly larger analysis depths; Back-scattered electrons are from depths of 100–1000 nm; and X-ray photons are …

How are Auger electrons emitted?

So-called Auger electrons are emitted when an electron beam hitting the surface creates electron holes in a lower shell (K, L or M) and when this hole is filled by an electron from a higher shell. The excess energy of this jump is transferred to another electron which is emitted.

What is the energy range of Auger electrons?

Although Auger electrons originating from K-shell transitions can have energy higher than 25 keV, and up to 80 keV, their yield per decay is lower than 0.1. The majority of Auger electrons (AEs) have low energy (< 25 keV), which is deposited over short nanometre-micrometre distances in tissues.

How do you pronounce Auger Electron Spectroscopy?

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced [oʒe] in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally, in the area of materials science.

What is Auger electron spectroscopy used for?

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) provides quantitative elemental and chemical state information from surfaces of solid materials. The average depth of analysis for an AES measurement is approximately 5 nm.

What are the applications of Auger Electron Spectroscopy?

AES has been applied to study of a wide variety of surface-mediated reactions such as sorption, catalysis, REDOX, photolytic, and dissolution/precipitation reactions, and the formation of thin films and coatings on materials.

What is the use of Auger electrons in the transmission electron microscope?

The incident electrons lose energy to the sample atoms, generating Auger electrons that have discrete kinetic energies characteristic of the emitting atoms. This technique is particularly useful for determining the elemental composition of the surface because Auger electrons have a limited escape depth.

How the Auger effect is produced?

Auger effect, in atomic physics, a spontaneous process in which an atom with an electron vacancy in the innermost (K) shell readjusts itself to a more stable state by ejecting one or more electrons instead of radiating a single X-ray photon.

What is agar electron?

Auger electrons are electrons that are emitted when an electron from a higher energy level falls into a vacancy in an inner shell.

What are Auger electrons in SEM?

Are Auger electrons useful for radionuclide therapy?

Introduction Since first being described by Lise Meitner and Pierre Auger in the 1920s, Auger electrons (AEs) have been investigated for use in molecular radionuclide therapy (MRT).

What are Auger electrons (AES)?

Since first being described by Lise Meitner and Pierre Auger in the 1920s, Auger electrons (AEs) have been investigated for use in molecular radionuclide therapy (MRT).

Could AEAE-emitters permit extreme radiotoxicity in targeted therapies?

AE-emitters could therefore permit highly targeted therapies, capable of extreme radiotoxicity, even in micrometastases and single circulating tumour cells, but only if they can be delivered to certain targets such as the cell nucleus or membrane [3,4].

Which NMR spectrophotometer does Bruker use?

NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Ultrashield 400WB PLUS 9.4 T spectrometer (1H NMR at 400 MHz). All chemical shifts were referenced to residual solvent peaks and are quoted in ppm.