What is hydrodistillation technique?

Hydrodistillation is a traditional method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. In this method, plant materials are packed in a still compartment then water is added in sufficient amount and brought to a boil. Alternatively, direct steam may also be injected into the plant sample.

What is difference between steam distillation and hydrodistillation?

Steam distillation is a type of hydrodistillation. The key difference between steam distillation and hydrodistillation is that steam distillation uses steam for the extraction whereas hydrodistillation uses water, steam or a combination of water and steam for the extraction.

What is microwave hydrodistillation?

Microwave-assisted Hydro-distillation (MAHD) combines rapid heating in the microwave field with the traditional solvent extraction. This significantly enables saving of time, so the extraction can be completed in meter of minutes 14,15 .

What is a Clevenger?

The Clevenger apparatus has three main parts- a round bottom flask in which the organic material is placed, a separator for automatically separating the distilled solution and a condenser. The apparatus is available in varied sizes to facilitate organic material.

What is ultrasonic assisted extraction?

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is used in this project as it is a rapid and effective extraction technique that uses ultrasound to generate rapid movement of solvents, resulting in a higher mass transfer speed as well as acceleration of extraction.

Why distilled water is used for extraction?

Distilled water was as efficient as the 2% saponin solution for extraction of total IgA, RSV specific IgA and IgG. More importantly, the organ extracts obtained subsequently could be used for virus neutralization test without causing adverse effect on the cell culture.

Why steam is used in steam distillation?

Steam or water is added to the distillation apparatus, lowering the boiling points of the compounds. The goal is to heat and separate the components at temperatures below their decomposition point.

What is microwave assisted extraction?

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a process of using microwave energy to heat solvents in contact with a sample in order to partition analytes from the sample matrix into the solvent.

What is working principle of Clevenger apparatus?

In addition, the Clevenger apparatus uses cohobation: the hydrosol is not recovered here, it is rather returned to the extractor. Therefore, compounds in solution in water are distilled again, and as water becomes saturated, these compounds begin to accumulate in the essential oil phase.

What is enzyme assisted extraction?

Enzyme-assisted extraction technique uses specific enzymes to disrupt the cell wall of source material to improve its extraction yield. This technique can be combined with various other techniques to enhance the overall recovery of bioactives from source materials.