What is lateralization of tibial tuberosity?

The lateralized distance of the tibial tubercle was defined as the mediolateral distance between the tip of the tibial tubercle and the medial border of the tibial condyle and was divided by the tibial width to calculate the TTL.

What muscle externally rotates the tibia?

Biceps femoris and tensor fascia latae were external rotators of the tibia, whereas semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, gracilis, popliteus and the patellar tendon were internal rotators.

Is the tibial tuberosity medial or lateral?

The medial malleolus is on the distal end and is medial. For the proximal tibia, the tibial tuberosity is anterolateral, the fibular articulation is placed posterolaterally, and the lateral femoral articular surface is smaller, rounder, and set laterally.

When does the tibia internally rotate?

The results revealed that the tibia internally rotates (11.55° ± 3.20°) during knee flexion and externally rotates (11.40° ± 3.0°) during knee extension, which are the same as the results obtained by Ahrens et al.

What does the tibial tuberosity do?

The tibial tuberosity thus forms the terminal part of the large structure that acts as a lever to extend the knee-joint and prevents the knee from collapsing when the foot strikes the ground. The two ligaments, the patella, and the tibial tuberosity are all superficial, easily palpable structures.

What muscles laterally rotate the knee?

The biceps femoris long and short head muscles are the main contributors to lateral rotation and the sartorius, gracilis and popliteus muscles are the main contributors to medial rotation (Visible Body 2019).

What is lateral to the tibia?

Although not functionally a part of the knee, the fibula articulates proximally with the lateral aspect of the tibia, forming the proximal tibiofibular joint. The distal tibiofibular joint is formed by the articulation of the distal tibia and fibula.

What is a tibial tubercle?

The tibial tubercle is the secondary ossification center of the proximal tibia. The primary ossification center is the tibial epiphysis, and the tibial tubercle extends distally from the anterior aspect of the proximal epiphysis and serves as the point of attachment of the patellar tendon.

What causes tibial external rotation?

Functional external tibial rotation can sometimes be the result of weakness in the muscles that support the knee joint, the alignment of the foot, and general lower body mechanics, which would take a personalized strengthening program and possibly hands on treatment to address.

What causes a lateral patellar tilt?

Patellar tracking disorder is usually caused by several problems combined, such as: Weak thigh muscles. Tendons, ligaments, or muscles in the leg that are too tight or too loose. Activities that stress the knee again and again, especially those with twisting motions.