What is the cause of the hyponatremia and hyperkalemia?

Aldosterone exerts its effect on the distal tubule resulting in an increased uptake of sodium and increased excretion of potassium. Its production is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system. Aldosterone deficit results in hyponatremia and hypovolemia, accompanied by hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.

What happens to aldosterone during hyponatremia?

The hyponatremia is caused by insufficiency of both aldosterone and cortisol. Aldosterone insufficiency decreases sodium reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney.

What is cortisol deficiency?

Cortisol deficiency occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol. This can happen for four main reasons: When the pituitary gland is unable to produce the chemicals needed to tell the adrenal glands to ‘switch on’ their cortisol production.

What is cortisol and aldosterone?

Aldosterone helps control your blood pressure by managing the balance of potassium and sodium in your body. Cortisol works in conjunction with adrenaline and noradrenaline to help regulate your reaction to stress. Cortisol also helps regulate your metabolism, sugar levels, and blood pressure.

What causes hyponatremia and hypokalemia?

In potassium depletion, the deficit of cellular potassium triggers cells to gain sodium from the extracellular fluid (to maintain volume and tonicity), generating hyponatremia coupled with hypokalemia.

What happens hyponatremia?

In hyponatremia, one or more factors — ranging from an underlying medical condition to drinking too much water — cause the sodium in your body to become diluted. When this happens, your body’s water levels rise, and your cells begin to swell. This swelling can cause many health problems, from mild to life-threatening.

How does aldosterone cause hyperkalemia?

A major function of aldosterone is to increase urinary potassium secretion. As a result, hypoaldosteronism can be associated with hyperkalemia and mild metabolic acidosis [1,2]. Sodium wasting is a variable feature of this disorder.

How does aldosterone deficiency cause hyperkalemia?

Hyperkalemia can be caused by a deficiency of the salt-retaining hormone, aldosterone. As most readily seen in patients with adrenal insufficiency, the lack of salt-retaining hormone leads to decreased renal tubular reabsorption of sodium.

How does cortisol deficiency cause hyponatremia?

The electrolyte disturbance of hyponatremia in AI is due to diminished secretion of cortisol. Cortisol deficiency results in increased hypothalamic secretion of CRH. CRH plays the role of an additional ADH secretagogue. Normally, cortisol feeds back negatively on both CRH and ACTH.

Why does Addison’s cause hyperkalemia?

Hyperkalemia in Addison’s disease is mediated mainly by hypoaldosteronism, and thus a deficiency of aldosterone will result in potassium retention, through its inability to excrete potassium in the urine [7].

What does aldosterone do to potassium?

Aldosterone causes sodium to be absorbed and potassium to be excreted into the lumen by principal cells. In alpha intercalated cells, located in the late distal tubule and collecting duct, hydrogen ions and potassium ions are exchanged. Hydrogen is excreted into the lumen, and the potassium is absorbed.

Does cortisol stimulate the release of aldosterone?

The initial binding of ACTH to its specific melanocortin type 2 receptor (MC2R) stimulates both cortisol and aldosterone secretion.