How do you transcribe and translate the normal and sickle cell DNA?

How do you transcribe and translate the normal and sickle cell DNA?

Below is the base sequence for the normal protein for normal hemoglobin and the base sequence for the sickle cell hemoglobin. Transcribe and translate the normal and sickle cell DNA….

What is the difference in the DNA sequence of the normal hemoglobin gene vs the sickle cell hemoglobin gene?

In the 1950s, Vernon Ingram demonstrated that the only structural difference between normal adult hemoglobin and sickle-cell hemoglobin is the replacement of glutamic acid with valine in the β-globin amino acid chain (Ingram, 1957; 1959).

What are the two types of mutation?

Two major categories of mutations are germline mutations and somatic mutations.

• Germline mutations occur in gametes. These mutations are especially signifi ca nt because they can be transmitted to offspring and every cell in the offspring will have the mutation.
• Somatic mutations occur in other cells of the body.

What is the process of transcription and translation?

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code. Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence in a protein.

How do you transcribe a gene?

Transcription of a gene takes place in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination….Stages of transcription

1. Initiation. RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter, found near the beginning of a gene.
2. Elongation.
3. Termination.

What is the difference between sickle cell Haemoglobin and normal Haemoglobin?

Sickle hemoglobin differs from normal hemoglobin by a single amino acid: valine replaces glutamate at position 6 on the surface of the beta chain. This creates a new hydrophobic spot (shown white).

What’s the difference between normal and sickle red blood cells?

Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin are smooth, disk-shaped, and flexible, like doughnuts without holes. They can move through the blood vessels easily. Cells with sickle cell hemoglobin are stiff and sticky. When they lose their oxygen, they form into the shape of a sickle or crescent, like the letter C.

Where is the sickle cell mutation?

Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Red blood cells with normal hemoglobin (hemoglobin-A) are smooth and round and glide through blood vessels.

What type of mutation is sickle cell anemia?

As mentioned, sickle-cell anemia is the result of a change in a single nucleotide, and it represents just one class of mutations called point mutations. Changes in the DNA sequence can also occur at the level of the chromosome, in which large segments of chromosomes are altered.

What is translation and transcription?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_f-8ISZ164